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An empirical puzzle exists regarding the failure of state parties to comply with international agreements. Offering new empirical insights, this article aims to enhance understanding of non (or weak) compliance with international ...
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An empirical puzzle exists regarding the failure of state parties to comply with international agreements. Offering new empirical insights, this article aims to enhance understanding of non (or weak) compliance with international human rights agreements by state parties. Documentary analysis supplemented with semi-structured interviews is used to explore UK compliance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Through the empirical case study, the results provide valuable insights into the domestic compliance system and compliance barriers within the under researched human rights sector. The results show that multiple barriers impact compliance within the UK and its four nations, to varying degrees. Differences also exist regarding the extent to which specific barriers emerge within the state and domestic compliance systems. Lastly, the findings provide evidence to support a cyclical model of the domestic compliance system, thereby advancing the current, linear understanding.
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This article explores the development and implementation of policy, particularly information policy, drawing on the author's personal experience of policy formulation. The article develops a framework for the development of inform...
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This article explores the development and implementation of policy, particularly information policy, drawing on the author's personal experience of policy formulation. The article develops a framework for the development of information policy using numerous illustrations and examples.
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The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) calls for technical and organizational measures to support its implementation. Towards this end, the SPECIAL H2020 project aims to provide a set of tools that can be used by d...
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The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) calls for technical and organizational measures to support its implementation. Towards this end, the SPECIAL H2020 project aims to provide a set of tools that can be used by data controllers and processors to automatically check if personal data processing and sharing complies with the obligations set forth in the GDPR. The primary contributions of the project include: (i) a policy language that can be used to express consent, business policies, and regulatory obligations; and (ii) two different approaches to automated compliance checking that can be used to demonstrate that data processing performed by data controllers/processors complies with consent provided by data subjects, and business processes comply with regulatory obligations set forth in the GDPR.
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The SELinux mandatory access control (MAC) policy has recently added a multilevel security (MLS) model which is able to express a fine granularity of control over a subject's access rights. The problem is that the richness of the ...
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The SELinux mandatory access control (MAC) policy has recently added a multilevel security (MLS) model which is able to express a fine granularity of control over a subject's access rights. The problem is that the richness of the SELinux MLS model makes it impractical to manually evaluate that a given policy meets certain specific properties. To address this issue, we have modeled the SELinux MLS model, using a logical specification and implemented that specification in the Prolog language. Furthermore, we have developed some analyses for testing information flow properties of a given policy as well as an algorithm to determine whether one policy is compliant with another. We have implemented these analyses in Prolog and compiled our implementation into a tool for SELinux MLS policy analysis, called PALMS. Using PALMS, we verified some important properties of the SELinux MLS reference policy, namely that it satisfies the simple security condition and *-property defined by Bell and LaPadula. We also evaluated whether the policy associated to a given application is compliant with the policy of the SELinux system in which it would be deployed.
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Social and taxation policies are sensitive fields in which states often have sovereignty concerns. Accordingly, member states hesitate to transfer such competencies to the European Union (EU). Nevertheless, the EU shaped sensitive...
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Social and taxation policies are sensitive fields in which states often have sovereignty concerns. Accordingly, member states hesitate to transfer such competencies to the European Union (EU). Nevertheless, the EU shaped sensitive policies. Do states violate these domaine rserv fields more often than less sensitive European laws? Are those cases more difficult to settle? This paper shows that employment and taxation policies are indeed more frequently violated and that these infringement cases are harder to resolve. Yet, this is not due to sovereignty concerns, as expected by the domaine rserv thesis. Rather, the extent of non-compliance costs, the strength of domestic pro- and contra-compliance constituencies and the fit to governmental programmes are crucial for dynamics of norm violations and settlements. These variables do not systematically vary over policy fields and, in the end, states comply even with inconvenient European laws.
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Abstract In all Western countries, the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 encountered some resistance. To overcome vaccine inertia and hesitancy, governments have used a variety of strategies and policy instruments. These instr...
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Abstract In all Western countries, the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 encountered some resistance. To overcome vaccine inertia and hesitancy, governments have used a variety of strategies and policy instruments. These instruments can be placed on a 'ladder of intrusiveness', starting from voluntary tools based on simple information and persuasion, through material incentives and disincentives of varying nature and magnitude, to highly coercive tools, such as lockdown for the unvaccinated and the introduction of the vaccination mandate. Italy's experience during the vaccination campaign against Covid provides an ideal observational point for starting to investigate this issue: not only was Italy among the top countries with the highest percentage of people vaccinated at the beginning of 2022, but—at least compared to other European countries—it was also one of the countries that had gradually introduced the most intrusive measures to increase vaccination compliance. In the article the different steps of the ‘intrusiveness ladder’ are presented, providing examples from various countries, and then tested on the Italian Covid-19 vaccination campaign between 2021 and the first months of 2022. For each phase of the campaign, the instrument mixes adopted by the Italian government are described, as well as the contextual conditions that led to their adoption. In the final section, an assessment of the composition and evolution of the Italian vaccination strategy is provided, based on the following criteria: legitimacy, feasibility, effectiveness, internal consistency and strategic coherence. Conclusions highlight the pragmatic approach adopted by the Italian government and underline the effects—both positive and negative—of scaling up the intrusiveness ladder.
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Objective: Tobacco-free policies are being rapidly adopted nationwide, yet compliance with these policies remains a challenge. This study explored college campus key informants' experiences with tobacco policies, and their perceiv...
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Objective: Tobacco-free policies are being rapidly adopted nationwide, yet compliance with these policies remains a challenge. This study explored college campus key informants' experiences with tobacco policies, and their perceived benefits, drawbacks, and outcomes. Participants: The sample for this study was 68 key informants representing 16 different California universities with varying tobacco policies (no smoking indoors and within 20 feet of entrances, designated smoking areas, 100% smoke-free, and 100% tobacco-free). Methods: Qualitative, descriptive study. Semistructured interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis. Results: Strategies to improve compliance ranged from a social approach to a heavy focus on punitive enforcement. Key informants from campuses using a social approach alone reported barriers to improving compliance, including a perceived lack of efficacy of the approach. However, these campuses found it challenging to incorporate enforcement through campus police or security. Conclusions: College campus decision makers should explore using a combined approach (social approach as well as formal enforcement), with enforcement primarily the responsibility of nonpolice university channels (eg, Student Affairs, employee supervisors).
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The effectiveness of recreational fisheries governance has been mixed, with some countries boasting good governance practices that sustain productive recreational fisheries, while others lack any policies
The effectiveness of recreational fisheries governance has been mixed, with some countries boasting good governance practices that sustain productive recreational fisheries, while others lack any policies and governance structures specific to recreational fisheries. Here, we identify what constitutes effective governance of recreational fisheries by carrying out: (a) a desktop review of 227 country‐specific fisheries legislation, policies and strategies; and (b) a follow‐up questionnaire‐based survey covering 57 contacts in 29 selected countries. Our results show that while recreational fishing is referred to in the main legislation of 67% of the countries reviewed, only 86 of these 152 countries provide a definition for either “recreational” or “sport” fishing and not always in the main legislation. Recreational fisheries are not considered to be effectively managed in many countries, with less than a quarter of respondents claiming that management in their country is effective. Furthermore, the management efficacy, including compliance with regulations, was considered greater for the industrial and small‐scale fishing sectors than for recreational fisheries in most countries. From our findings, it appears that effective recreational fisheries governance requires explicit acknowledgement of recreational fisheries with a clear legal definition in Policy, a well‐developed Policy statement, extensive co‐management processes, clearly defined biological, economic and social monitoring structures and efficient and transparent cost recovery mechanisms. To ensure adaptation to rapidly changing conditions, policy should recognize all fishery sectors and proactively incorporate adaptive planning and contingency plans to effectively secure the diverse values of resources for all users.
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The purpose of this paper was to first examine the reliability, validity, and strength of a unified model for information security policy compliance that includes eight constructs explaining information security policy compliance....
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The purpose of this paper was to first examine the reliability, validity, and strength of a unified model for information security policy compliance that includes eight constructs explaining information security policy compliance. Second, seven hypotheses were developed and tested based on the constructs in the model. An instrument with eight constructs was used to reflect the traditional survey statements method that measures current or retrospective behavior for the items of each construct. A sample of 187 faculty and staff from a mid-sized university in the USA participated in the study. Data were collected electronically and analyzed through SmartPLS 3.0, a partial least square structural equation modeling software. The results indicated strong support for the models' reliability, validity, and strength. The results also showed support for five hypotheses. Two hypotheses were rejected. The findings with implications are discussed. Recommendations for future research are made.
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Purpose: To examine the association between strength of policy and self-reported tobacco use behavior, controlling for demographic characteristics, polytobacco use, knowledge of campus tobacco policy, and perceived policy compliance by others.
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